diff --git a/src/common/value-objects/date-time/date-time.spec.ts b/src/common/value-objects/date-time/date-time.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7dba3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/value-objects/date-time/date-time.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+import { DateTime } from './date-time';
+import { InvalidDateTimeError } from './invalid-date-time.error';
+
+describe('DateTime', () => {
+  const originalTimezone = process.env.DEFAULT_TIMEZONE;
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    if (originalTimezone === undefined) {
+      delete process.env.DEFAULT_TIMEZONE;
+    } else {
+      process.env.DEFAULT_TIMEZONE = originalTimezone;
+    }
+  });
+
+  describe('create', () => {
+    it('parses ISO with +07:00 offset into UTC unix milliseconds', () => {
+      const dt = DateTime.create('2026-08-20T17:00:00+07:00');
+
+      expect(dt.value).toBe(Date.UTC(2026, 7, 20, 10, 0, 0, 0));
+    });
+
+    it('parses ISO with Z into the same instant as an equivalent offset', () => {
+      const withOffset = DateTime.create('2026-08-20T17:00:00+07:00');
+      const withZ = DateTime.create('2026-08-20T10:00:00.000Z');
+
+      expect(withZ.value).toBe(withOffset.value);
+      expect(withZ.value).toBe(Date.UTC(2026, 7, 20, 10, 0, 0, 0));
+    });
+
+    it('parses compact offset without colon', () => {
+      const dt = DateTime.create('2026-08-20T17:00:00.123+0700');
+
+      expect(dt.value).toBe(Date.UTC(2026, 7, 20, 10, 0, 0, 123));
+    });
+
+    it('parses hour-only ISO offset', () => {
+      const dt = DateTime.create('2026-08-20T17:00:00+07');
+
+      expect(dt.value).toBe(Date.UTC(2026, 7, 20, 10, 0, 0, 0));
+    });
+
+    it('accepts lowercase z designator', () => {
+      const dt = DateTime.create('2026-08-20T10:00:00z');
+
+      expect(dt.value).toBe(Date.UTC(2026, 7, 20, 10, 0, 0, 0));
+    });
+
+    it('truncates fractional seconds beyond milliseconds', () => {
+      const dt = DateTime.create('2026-08-20T10:00:00.123456Z');
+
+      expect(dt.value).toBe(Date.UTC(2026, 7, 20, 10, 0, 0, 123));
+    });
+
+    it('trims surrounding whitespace', () => {
+      const dt = DateTime.create('  2026-08-20T10:00:00Z  ');
+
+      expect(dt.value).toBe(Date.UTC(2026, 7, 20, 10, 0, 0, 0));
+    });
+
+    it('interprets naive ISO as wall clock in DEFAULT_TIMEZONE (GMT+7)', () => {
+      delete process.env.DEFAULT_TIMEZONE;
+
+      const dt = DateTime.create('2026-08-20T17:00:00');
+
+      expect(dt.value).toBe(Date.UTC(2026, 7, 20, 10, 0, 0, 0));
+    });
+
+    it('interprets naive ISO with fractional seconds using env timezone', () => {
+      process.env.DEFAULT_TIMEZONE = 'GMT+7';
+
+      const dt = DateTime.create('2026-08-20T17:00:00.500');
+
+      expect(dt.value).toBe(Date.UTC(2026, 7, 20, 10, 0, 0, 500));
+    });
+
+    it('uses a custom DEFAULT_TIMEZONE for naive ISO parse', () => {
+      process.env.DEFAULT_TIMEZONE = 'UTC+0';
+
+      const dt = DateTime.create('2026-08-20T17:00:00');
+
+      expect(dt.value).toBe(Date.UTC(2026, 7, 20, 17, 0, 0, 0));
+    });
+
+    it('does not change value of offset-aware instant when DEFAULT_TIMEZONE changes', () => {
+      process.env.DEFAULT_TIMEZONE = 'GMT+7';
+      const dt = DateTime.create('2026-08-20T10:00:00Z');
+      const valueBefore = dt.value;
+
+      process.env.DEFAULT_TIMEZONE = 'UTC-5';
+
+      expect(dt.value).toBe(valueBefore);
+      expect(dt.value).toBe(Date.UTC(2026, 7, 20, 10, 0, 0, 0));
+    });
+
+    it('rejects date-only strings', () => {
+      expect(() => DateTime.create('2026-08-20')).toThrow(InvalidDateTimeError);
+    });
+
+    it('rejects empty string', () => {
+      expect(() => DateTime.create('')).toThrow(InvalidDateTimeError);
+    });
+
+    it('rejects whitespace-only input', () => {
+      expect(() => DateTime.create('   ')).toThrow(InvalidDateTimeError);
+    });
+
+    it('rejects non-string input', () => {
+      expect(() => DateTime.create(null as unknown as string)).toThrow(
+        InvalidDateTimeError,
+      );
+      expect(() => DateTime.create(123 as unknown as string)).toThrow(
+        InvalidDateTimeError,
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('rejects junk', () => {
+      expect(() => DateTime.create('not-a-date')).toThrow(InvalidDateTimeError);
+    });
+
+    it('rejects overflow calendar dates', () => {
+      expect(() => DateTime.create('2026-02-30T10:00:00Z')).toThrow(
+        InvalidDateTimeError,
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('rejects out-of-range ISO offsets', () => {
+      expect(() => DateTime.create('2026-08-20T10:00:00+15:00')).toThrow(
+        InvalidDateTimeError,
+      );
+      expect(() => DateTime.create('2026-08-20T10:00:00+14:30')).toThrow(
+        InvalidDateTimeError,
+      );
+      expect(() => DateTime.create('2026-08-20T10:00:00-12:30')).toThrow(
+        InvalidDateTimeError,
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('rejects invalid DEFAULT_TIMEZONE when parsing naive ISO', () => {
+      process.env.DEFAULT_TIMEZONE = 'Asia/Jakarta';
+
+      expect(() => DateTime.create('2026-08-20T17:00:00')).toThrow(
+        InvalidDateTimeError,
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('throws a generic message that does not echo the input', () => {
+      expect(() => DateTime.create('not-a-date')).toThrow('Invalid date time');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('fromUnixMs', () => {
+    it('reconstructs from a unix millisecond timestamp', () => {
+      const ms = Date.UTC(2026, 7, 20, 10, 0, 0, 0);
+      const dt = DateTime.fromUnixMs(ms);
+
+      expect(dt.value).toBe(ms);
+    });
+
+    it('round-trips with create', () => {
+      const created = DateTime.create('2026-08-20T17:00:00+07:00');
+      const restored = DateTime.fromUnixMs(created.value);
+
+      expect(restored.equals(created)).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it('rejects non-finite numbers', () => {
+      expect(() => DateTime.fromUnixMs(Number.NaN)).toThrow(
+        InvalidDateTimeError,
+      );
+      expect(() => DateTime.fromUnixMs(Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY)).toThrow(
+        InvalidDateTimeError,
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('rejects non-safe integers', () => {
+      expect(() => DateTime.fromUnixMs(1.5)).toThrow(InvalidDateTimeError);
+      expect(() => DateTime.fromUnixMs(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER + 2)).toThrow(
+        InvalidDateTimeError,
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('rejects values outside the Date time-value range', () => {
+      expect(() => DateTime.fromUnixMs(8_640_000_000_000_001)).toThrow(
+        InvalidDateTimeError,
+      );
+      expect(() => DateTime.fromUnixMs(-8_640_000_000_000_001)).toThrow(
+        InvalidDateTimeError,
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('accepts pre-1970 negative timestamps', () => {
+      const ms = Date.UTC(1969, 11, 31, 23, 59, 59, 0);
+      const dt = DateTime.fromUnixMs(ms);
+
+      expect(dt.value).toBe(ms);
+      expect(dt.format('UTC')).toBe('1969-12-31T23:59:59.000+00:00');
+    });
+
+    it('rejects non-number input', () => {
+      expect(() =>
+        DateTime.fromUnixMs('1724150000000' as unknown as number),
+      ).toThrow(InvalidDateTimeError);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('format / toString', () => {
+    it('formats in DEFAULT_TIMEZONE (GMT+7) by default', () => {
+      delete process.env.DEFAULT_TIMEZONE;
+      const dt = DateTime.fromUnixMs(Date.UTC(2026, 7, 20, 10, 0, 0, 0));
+
+      expect(dt.format()).toBe('2026-08-20T17:00:00.000+07:00');
+      expect(dt.toString()).toBe('2026-08-20T17:00:00.000+07:00');
+    });
+
+    it('formats in an explicit timezone override', () => {
+      const dt = DateTime.fromUnixMs(Date.UTC(2026, 7, 20, 10, 0, 0, 0));
+
+      expect(dt.format('UTC')).toBe('2026-08-20T10:00:00.000+00:00');
+      expect(dt.format('Z')).toBe('2026-08-20T10:00:00.000+00:00');
+      expect(dt.format('+00:00')).toBe('2026-08-20T10:00:00.000+00:00');
+    });
+
+    it('changes render output when DEFAULT_TIMEZONE changes', () => {
+      const dt = DateTime.fromUnixMs(Date.UTC(2026, 7, 20, 10, 0, 0, 0));
+
+      process.env.DEFAULT_TIMEZONE = 'GMT+7';
+      expect(dt.format()).toBe('2026-08-20T17:00:00.000+07:00');
+
+      process.env.DEFAULT_TIMEZONE = 'UTC-5';
+      expect(dt.format()).toBe('2026-08-20T05:00:00.000-05:00');
+    });
+
+    it('rejects invalid timezone override', () => {
+      const dt = DateTime.fromUnixMs(Date.UTC(2026, 7, 20, 10, 0, 0, 0));
+
+      expect(() => dt.format('Asia/Jakarta')).toThrow(InvalidDateTimeError);
+    });
+
+    it('rejects out-of-range timezone override', () => {
+      const dt = DateTime.fromUnixMs(Date.UTC(2026, 7, 20, 10, 0, 0, 0));
+
+      expect(() => dt.format('+15:00')).toThrow(InvalidDateTimeError);
+      expect(() => dt.format('GMT-13')).toThrow(InvalidDateTimeError);
+    });
+
+    it('rejects formatting when offset shift overflows Date range', () => {
+      const dt = DateTime.fromUnixMs(8_640_000_000_000_000);
+
+      expect(() => dt.format('GMT+7')).toThrow(InvalidDateTimeError);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('equals', () => {
+    it('returns true for the same instant from different inputs', () => {
+      const a = DateTime.create('2026-08-20T17:00:00+07:00');
+      const b = DateTime.create('2026-08-20T10:00:00Z');
+
+      expect(a.equals(b)).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for different instants', () => {
+      const a = DateTime.create('2026-08-20T10:00:00Z');
+      const b = DateTime.create('2026-08-20T11:00:00Z');
+
+      expect(a.equals(b)).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for null or undefined', () => {
+      const dt = DateTime.create('2026-08-20T10:00:00Z');
+
+      expect(dt.equals(null as unknown as DateTime)).toBe(false);
+      expect(dt.equals(undefined as unknown as DateTime)).toBe(false);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('serialization', () => {
+    it('toJSON returns unix milliseconds', () => {
+      const ms = Date.UTC(2026, 7, 20, 10, 0, 0, 0);
+      const dt = DateTime.fromUnixMs(ms);
+
+      expect(dt.toJSON()).toBe(ms);
+      expect(JSON.stringify({ at: dt })).toBe(`{"at":${ms}}`);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('immutability', () => {
+    it('is frozen after creation', () => {
+      const dt = DateTime.create('2026-08-20T10:00:00Z');
+
+      expect(Object.isFrozen(dt)).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it('cannot be constructed with new from outside', () => {
+      expect(
+        () =>
+          new (DateTime as unknown as new (value: number) => DateTime)(
+            Date.UTC(2026, 7, 20, 10, 0, 0, 0),
+          ),
+      ).toThrow();
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/common/value-objects/date-time/date-time.ts b/src/common/value-objects/date-time/date-time.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..661950b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/value-objects/date-time/date-time.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+import { InvalidDateTimeError } from './invalid-date-time.error';
+
+const DEFAULT_TZ_FALLBACK = 'GMT+7';
+
+/** ECMAScript Date time value limits (±100_000_000 days from epoch). */
+const MAX_UNIX_MS = 8_640_000_000_000_000;
+
+/** ISO datetime with optional fractional seconds and optional Z / offset. */
+const ISO_DATETIME =
+  /^(\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})T(\d{2}):(\d{2}):(\d{2})(?:\.(\d{1,9}))?(?:(Z)|([+-])(\d{2})(?::?(\d{2}))?)?$/i;
+
+/** Fixed offset forms: GMT+7, UTC+07:00, +7, +07:00, +0700, Z, UTC */
+const TZ_OFFSET =
+  /^(?:(?:GMT|UTC)\s*)?([+-])(\d{1,2})(?::?(\d{2}))?$|^(?:Z|UTC|GMT)$/i;
+
+function pad2(n: number): string {
+  return n.toString().padStart(2, '0');
+}
+
+function pad3(n: number): string {
+  return n.toString().padStart(3, '0');
+}
+
+function parseFractionalMs(raw: string | undefined): number {
+  if (raw === undefined) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  // Truncate beyond millisecond precision (do not round — avoids second carry).
+  return Number.parseInt(raw.slice(0, 3).padEnd(3, '0'), 10);
+}
+
+function assertValidOffset(hours: number, minutes: number, sign: number): void {
+  if (minutes > 59) {
+    throw new InvalidDateTimeError();
+  }
+  // Real fixed-offset range is -12:00 to +14:00.
+  const total = sign * (hours * 60 + minutes);
+  if (total < -12 * 60 || total > 14 * 60) {
+    throw new InvalidDateTimeError();
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parses a fixed-offset timezone string into minutes east of UTC.
+ * Accepts: GMT+7, GMT+07:00, UTC+7, +07:00, +7, +0700, Z, UTC, GMT (and negatives).
+ */
+export function parseTimezoneOffsetMinutes(raw: string): number {
+  const trimmed = raw.trim();
+  const match = TZ_OFFSET.exec(trimmed);
+  if (!match) {
+    throw new InvalidDateTimeError();
+  }
+
+  // Z / UTC / GMT alone leave the sign capture unset.
+  if (match[1] === undefined) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  const sign = match[1] === '-' ? -1 : 1;
+  const hours = Number.parseInt(match[2], 10);
+  const minutes = match[3] !== undefined ? Number.parseInt(match[3], 10) : 0;
+  assertValidOffset(hours, minutes, sign);
+
+  return sign * (hours * 60 + minutes);
+}
+
+export function resolveDefaultTimezone(): string {
+  const fromEnv = process.env.DEFAULT_TIMEZONE;
+  if (fromEnv === undefined || fromEnv.trim() === '') {
+    return DEFAULT_TZ_FALLBACK;
+  }
+  return fromEnv.trim();
+}
+
+function resolveDefaultOffsetMinutes(): number {
+  return parseTimezoneOffsetMinutes(resolveDefaultTimezone());
+}
+
+function formatOffset(offsetMinutes: number): string {
+  const sign = offsetMinutes < 0 ? '-' : '+';
+  const abs = Math.abs(offsetMinutes);
+  const hours = Math.floor(abs / 60);
+  const minutes = abs % 60;
+  return `${sign}${pad2(hours)}:${pad2(minutes)}`;
+}
+
+function utcMsFromParts(
+  year: number,
+  month: number,
+  day: number,
+  hour: number,
+  minute: number,
+  second: number,
+  ms: number,
+  offsetMinutes: number,
+): number {
+  const asUtc = Date.UTC(year, month - 1, day, hour, minute, second, ms);
+  const d = new Date(asUtc);
+
+  // Reject overflow (e.g. Feb 30) via round-trip on calendar components.
+  if (
+    d.getUTCFullYear() !== year ||
+    d.getUTCMonth() !== month - 1 ||
+    d.getUTCDate() !== day ||
+    d.getUTCHours() !== hour ||
+    d.getUTCMinutes() !== minute ||
+    d.getUTCSeconds() !== second ||
+    d.getUTCMilliseconds() !== ms
+  ) {
+    throw new InvalidDateTimeError();
+  }
+
+  return asUtc - offsetMinutes * 60_000;
+}
+
+function formatInOffset(utcMs: number, offsetMinutes: number): string {
+  const shifted = new Date(utcMs + offsetMinutes * 60_000);
+  if (Number.isNaN(shifted.getTime())) {
+    throw new InvalidDateTimeError();
+  }
+  const y = shifted.getUTCFullYear();
+  const m = pad2(shifted.getUTCMonth() + 1);
+  const d = pad2(shifted.getUTCDate());
+  const h = pad2(shifted.getUTCHours());
+  const min = pad2(shifted.getUTCMinutes());
+  const s = pad2(shifted.getUTCSeconds());
+  const ms = pad3(shifted.getUTCMilliseconds());
+  return `${y}-${m}-${d}T${h}:${min}:${s}.${ms}${formatOffset(offsetMinutes)}`;
+}
+
+export class DateTime {
+  private static readonly createToken = Symbol('DateTime.create');
+
+  private constructor(
+    private readonly unixMs: number,
+    token: symbol,
+  ) {
+    if (token !== DateTime.createToken) {
+      throw new TypeError(
+        'DateTime can only be created via DateTime.create() or DateTime.fromUnixMs()',
+      );
+    }
+    Object.freeze(this);
+  }
+
+  static create(raw: string): DateTime {
+    if (typeof raw !== 'string') {
+      throw new InvalidDateTimeError();
+    }
+
+    const trimmed = raw.trim();
+    const match = ISO_DATETIME.exec(trimmed);
+    if (!match) {
+      throw new InvalidDateTimeError();
+    }
+
+    const year = Number.parseInt(match[1], 10);
+    const month = Number.parseInt(match[2], 10);
+    const day = Number.parseInt(match[3], 10);
+    const hour = Number.parseInt(match[4], 10);
+    const minute = Number.parseInt(match[5], 10);
+    const second = Number.parseInt(match[6], 10);
+    const ms = parseFractionalMs(match[7]);
+
+    let offsetMinutes: number;
+    if (match[8] !== undefined && match[8].toUpperCase() === 'Z') {
+      offsetMinutes = 0;
+    } else if (match[9] !== undefined) {
+      const sign = match[9] === '-' ? -1 : 1;
+      const oh = Number.parseInt(match[10], 10);
+      const om = match[11] !== undefined ? Number.parseInt(match[11], 10) : 0;
+      assertValidOffset(oh, om, sign);
+      offsetMinutes = sign * (oh * 60 + om);
+    } else {
+      offsetMinutes = resolveDefaultOffsetMinutes();
+    }
+
+    const utcMs = utcMsFromParts(
+      year,
+      month,
+      day,
+      hour,
+      minute,
+      second,
+      ms,
+      offsetMinutes,
+    );
+
+    return new DateTime(utcMs, DateTime.createToken);
+  }
+
+  static fromUnixMs(ms: number): DateTime {
+    if (
+      typeof ms !== 'number' ||
+      !Number.isSafeInteger(ms) ||
+      Math.abs(ms) > MAX_UNIX_MS
+    ) {
+      throw new InvalidDateTimeError();
+    }
+
+    return new DateTime(ms, DateTime.createToken);
+  }
+
+  get value(): number {
+    return this.unixMs;
+  }
+
+  equals(other: DateTime): boolean {
+    return other instanceof DateTime && this.unixMs === other.unixMs;
+  }
+
+  format(tz?: string): string {
+    const offsetMinutes =
+      tz === undefined
+        ? resolveDefaultOffsetMinutes()
+        : parseTimezoneOffsetMinutes(tz);
+    return formatInOffset(this.unixMs, offsetMinutes);
+  }
+
+  toString(): string {
+    return this.format();
+  }
+
+  toJSON(): number {
+    return this.unixMs;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/common/value-objects/date-time/invalid-date-time.error.ts b/src/common/value-objects/date-time/invalid-date-time.error.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8528a8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/value-objects/date-time/invalid-date-time.error.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+export class InvalidDateTimeError extends Error {
+  constructor() {
+    super('Invalid date time');
+    this.name = 'InvalidDateTimeError';
+  }
+}